By and large, misery really is the consequence of constant negative considerations, called psychological twists. At the point when terrible things occur, we start chastening ourselves with contemplations, for example, I'm bad, I'm a complete disappointment or Nothing actually goes my direction. My beginning and end are done in my life. Our emotions follow our opinion and negative musings like these can send us spiraling down into melancholy. To oversee gloom, we should stop those programmed negative considerations and supplant them with more sure, sweetly recollections and honest ones. By stopped these musings from the beginning, we can now and then end sorrow before it even beginnings.
Numerous individuals welcome despondency by utilizing supreme terms like consistently, never, and always, should, must, etc. Truth and circumstance are rarely total. There are commonly hazy situations. Assume on the off chance that you were unable to breeze through the test don't state 'I am an absolute disappointment " or " I can never pass" Instead of the state, "I needed to pass however my readiness was bad this time, next time I will be at every one of my defects and finish this test". We need to consistently confident and certain of ourselves. We need to do what is appropriate for us. We need to figure out how to state," Never surrender." So, we can take care of this issue like wretchedness and have a glad existence with our family and family members.
The current explanations of unipolar depression point to biological, psychological, and sociocultural causes. The biological and psychological causes are described here-
The biological causes of unipolar depression consist of- genetic, biochemical, anatomical, and immune system factors. The factors are explained below:
a) Genetic factors:
Some people genetically inherit a predisposition to unipolar depression. Several studies confirm genetic factors as the cause of depression.
The family pedigree shows that, if a person has unipolar depression, their relatives tend to have a higher rate of depression than the population at large. As many as 30 percent of their relatives are depressed, compared with fewer than 10 percent of the general population.
Twin studies show that when an identical (monozygotic) twin had unipolar depression, there was a 46% chance that the other twin would have the same disorder in contrast to a 20% chance for a fraternal (dizygotic) twin.
Adoption studies show that the biological parents of the adoptees with unipolar depression have a higher incidence of severe depression than the biological parents of nondepressed adoptees.
Problems in genes on chromosomes 1, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, and X may cause unipolar depression.
People who are depressed often have an abnormality of their 5-HTT gene, a gene located on chromosome 17. This gene is responsible for the brain’s production of serotonin transporters, or 5-HTTs (proteins that help the neurotransmitter serotonin carry messages from one neuron to another)
b) Biochemical factors:
Low activity of two neurotransmitter chemicals, norepinephrine, and serotonin have been strongly linked to unipolar depression. Interactions between serotonin and norepinephrine activity, or between these and other kinds of neurotransmitters in the brain account for unipolar depression.
Depressed people have an overall imbalance in the activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine.
People with unipolar depression have been found to have abnormally high levels of cortisol (one of the hormones released by the adrenal glands during times of stress). Another hormone that has been tied to depression is melatonin, sometimes called the “Dracula hormone” because it is released only in the dark.
Activity by key neurotransmitters or hormones ultimately leads to deficiencies of certain proteins and other chemicals within neurons, particularly to deficiencies of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a chemical that promotes the growth and survival of neurons. Such deficiencies within neurons may impair the health of the neurons and lead in turn to depression.
c) Brain anatomy and circuits:
Several brain areas that are likely members of this circuit, including the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25, an area located just under the brain part called the cingulate cortex this circuit is filled with serotonin transporters, or 5-HTTs, those proteins that help serotonin carry messages from one neuron to another. people with an abnormal 5-HTT gene are more prone to develop depression.
Lower activity and blood flow in the prefrontal cortex of depressed research participants than in the prefrontal cortex of non-depressed people, However, other studies, focusing on select areas of the prefrontal cortex, have found increases in activity during the depression
The hippocampus is one of the few brain areas to produce new neurons throughout adulthood, an activity known as neurogenesis. Several studies indicate that such hippocampal neurogenesis decreases dramatically when a person becomes depressed. Moreover, some imaging studies have detected a reduction in the size of the hippocampus among depressed persons.
The amygdala is a brain area that repeatedly seems to be involved in the expression of negative emotions and memories. PET and fMRI scans indicate that there are 50 percent more activity and blood flow in the amygdala among depressed persons than among non-depressed persons. a patient’s depression increases in severity, the activity in his or her amygdala increase proportionately.
Brodmann Area 25 tends to be smaller in depressed people than in nondepressed people. it is significantly more active among depressed people than among non-depressed people. activation of Area 25 comes and goes with episodes of depression, some theorists believe that it may in fact be a “depression switch,” a kind of junction box whose malfunction might be necessary and sufficient for depression to occur.
d) Immune system:
When people are under intense stress for a while, their immune systems may become dysregulated, leading to lower functioning of important white blood cells called lymphocytes and to increased production of C-reactive protein (CRP), a protein that spreads throughout the body and causes inflammation and various illnesses (see pages 339, 341). immune system dysregulation of this kind helps produce depression.
1. Psychodynamic
1. Introjection after loss
2. Over or less gratification of children’s need by parents
3. Symbolic loss
4. Object relation: Insecure and unsafe relationship, over-reliance on or over freedom from parents.
5. Anaclitic depression.
6. Loss in early life
behavioral,
1. Significant change in reward and punishment
2. Decline in reward, the spiral of depression.
3. Decline in social reward.
cognitive
1. Theory of negative thinking:
a) Maladaptive attitude
b) Cognitive triad: experience, themselves, future
c) Error in thinking
d) Automatic thoughts